Summary Capital models — internal or standard-formula — are the anchor of solvency governance. Design and validation decisions determine whether they inform decisions or merely satisfy filings.
Internal vs standard formula Internal models offer better fit to specific risk profiles and greater governance burden. Standard formula is simpler and often over- or under-conservative at the tails. The choice is strategic.
Model use Regulatory use tests require that the model informs actual decisions: pricing, reinsurance, capital allocation, strategy. Use that is documented but not observable is a finding waiting to happen.
Validation Validation covers data, methodology, assumptions, calibration, results and governance. It should include stability analysis and challenge of key assumptions such as correlations.
Reinsurance modelling Reinsurance is a material lever for capital. Modelling should reflect contract terms accurately, including reinstatements, aggregate limits and counterparty risk.
Governance The board should see the model's material limitations and the compensating controls, not only headline coverage ratios.
Limitations Capital models are point-in-time constructions calibrated to the observable past. Tail risks by nature test the extrapolation.
Related expertise See [Insurance Risk & Solvency](/expertise/insurance-risk) and [Model Risk and Validation](/expertise/model-risk).
Frequently asked questions
What should risk leaders know about internal vs standard formula?
Internal models offer better fit to specific risk profiles and greater governance burden. Standard formula is simpler and often over- or under-conservative at the tails. The choice is strategic.
What should risk leaders know about model use?
Regulatory use tests require that the model informs actual decisions: pricing, reinsurance, capital allocation, strategy. Use that is documented but not observable is a finding waiting to happen.
What should risk leaders know about validation?
Validation covers data, methodology, assumptions, calibration, results and governance. It should include stability analysis and challenge of key assumptions such as correlations.
What should risk leaders know about reinsurance modelling?
Reinsurance is a material lever for capital. Modelling should reflect contract terms accurately, including reinstatements, aggregate limits and counterparty risk.
What should risk leaders know about governance?
The board should see the model's material limitations and the compensating controls, not only headline coverage ratios.